Base informative de référence, en France, sur la spiruline et l'univers des microalgues.
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Les études scientifiques traitant de la spiruline
Si les chercheurs s'intéressent de plus en plus aux algues & microalgues, la spiruline est la plus étudiée.
Vers la fin des années 1820, elle est isolée par P.J. Turpin pour la toute première fois au départ d'un échantillon d'eau douce puis, moins de vingt ans plus tard, elle est décrite de manière détaillée à Montevideo (Uruguay).
Mais ce n'est qu'un feu de paille et la microalgue retombe vite au fin fond des oubliettes scientifiques.
Du moins jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit une nouvelle fois identifiée sur les rives des lacs du Rift, en Afrique orientale. Elle est alors considérée comme l'un des composants essentiels du phytoplancton local, l'un des plus anciens et des mieux préservés de la planète.
Petit saut dans le temps... Au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un scientifique français souligne pour la première fois l'utilisation alimentaire de la spiruline.
Mais étant donné le contexte général de l'époque, son intervention passe complètement inaperçue. Le monde a d'autres préoccupations...
M.Y. Brandily évoque la spiruline dans Science et Avenir en 1959.
À la fin des années 1950 est publié le tout premier reportage qui a une réelle valeur scientifique et un certain retentissement. Signé par un ethnologue français et paru dans la revue « Sciences et Avenir », cet article souligne le fait qu'une peuplade des rives du lac Tchad utilise depuis longtemps une algue qui est appelée à devenir l'un des aliments du futur. Cette algue, contrairement à beaucoup d'autres qui ont tendance à s'enfoncer dans la vase, surnage, ce qui la rend facilement accessible et exploitable.
C'est le début de l'aventure « scientifique » de la spiruline. À partir de ce moment, les recherches vont succéder aux études, confirmant quasiment tous les attraits nutritionnels et thérapeutiques de la microalgue. C'est aussi à partir de ce moment que des exploitants vont songer à la cultiver à plus ou moins grande échelle.
De nombreuses études scientifiques, dont des expériences in vitro & in vivo et des études randomisées en double aveugle ont montré des bénéfices santé grâce à la consommation de spiruline.
*Résultats de recherche qui répondent au terme "spirulina" sur PubMed.
L'efficacité de la consommation de spiruline sur diverses pathologies a été expérimentalement démontré. Ces activités sont attribuées à la spiruline elle-même ou à certains de ses composants comme les acides gras omega-3 et omega-6, le bêta-carotène, la phycocyanine, le calcium Spirulan, etc.
Toutes les publications scientifiques sur la spiruline :
Cette liste non exhaustive, permet à tout un chacun de consulter les écrits scientifiques qui évoquent la spiruline.
Elle sert également de base bibliographique pour la rédaction de ce site.
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- Ciferri O. Spirulina, the edible microorganism. Microbiol Rev. (1983)
- Karkos PD, et al. Spirulina in clinical practice: evidence-based human applications. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2011)
- Martínez-Galero, Elizdath, et al. Preclinical antitoxic properties of Spirulina (Arthrospira). Pharmaceutical biology. (2016)
- Habib MA, et al. A review on culture, production and use of spirulina as food for humans and feeds for domestic animals and fish. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular. (2008)
- Kebede E, Ahlgren G. Optimum growth conditions and light utilization efficiency of Spirulina platensis (= Arthrospira fusiformis) (Cyanophyta) from Lake Chitu, Ethiopia. Hydrobiologia. (1996)
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- Pugh N, et al. Isolation of three high molecular weight polysaccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Planta Med. (2001)
- Colla LM, Bertolin TE, Costa JA. Fatty acids profile of Spirulina platensis grown under different temperatures and nitrogen concentrations. Z Naturforsch C. (2004)
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- Park WS, et al. Two Classes of Pigments, Carotenoids and C-Phycocyanin, in Spirulina Powder and Their Antioxidant Activities. Molecules. (2018)
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- Salazar M, et al. Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirulina maxima. J Ethnopharmacol. (1998)
- Yang Y, et al. In vitro and in vivo safety assessment of edible blue-green algae, Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kützing and Spirulina plantensis. Food Chem Toxicol. (2011)
- Jensen GS, et al. Clinical Safety of a High Dose of Phycocyanin-Enriched Aqueous Extract from Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis: Results from a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study with a Focus on Anticoagulant Activity and Platelet Activation. J Med Food. (2016)
- Petrus M, et al. First case report of anaphylaxis to spirulin: identification of phycocyanin as responsible allergen. Allergy. (2010)
- Dietrich D, Hoeger S. Guidance values for microcystins in water and cyanobacterial supplement products (blue-green algal supplements): a reasonable or misguided approach?. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. (2005)
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- Vichi S, et al. Contamination by Microcystis and microcystins of blue-green algae food supplements (BGAS) on the Italian market and possible risk for the exposed population. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012)
- Al-Dhabi NA. Heavy metal analysis in commercial Spirulina products for human consumption. Saudi J Biol Sci. (2013)
- Muys M, et al. High variability in nutritional value and safety of commercially available Chlorella and Spirulina biomass indicates the need for smart production strategies. Bioresour Technol. (2018)
- Doshi H, Ray A, Kothari IL. Biosorption of cadmium by live and dead Spirulina: IR spectroscopic, kinetics, and SEM studies. Curr Microbiol. (2007)
- Solisio C, et al. Cadmium biosorption on Spirulina platensis biomass. Bioresour Technol. (2008)
- Cain A, Vannela R, Woo LK. Cyanobacteria as a biosorbent for mercuric ion. Bioresour Technol. (2008)
- Fang L, et al. Binding characteristics of copper and cadmium by cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. J Hazard Mater. (2011)
- Saha SK, Misbahuddin M, Ahmed AU. Comparison between the effects of alcohol and hexane extract of spirulina in arsenic removal from isolated tissues. Mymensingh Med J. (2010)
- Saha SK, et al. Effect of hexane extract of spirulina in the removal of arsenic from isolated liver tissues of rat. Mymensingh Med J. (2005)
- Banji D, et al. Investigation on the role of Spirulina platensis in ameliorating behavioural changes, thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress in offspring of pregnant rats exposed to fluoride. Food Chem. (2013)
- Kapoor, Rashmi, and Usha Mehta. Supplementary effect of spirulina on hematological status of rats during pregnancy and lactation. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition (1998)
- Gargouri M, et al. Spirulina or dandelion-enriched diet of mothers alleviates lead-induced damages in brain and cerebellum of newborn rats. Food Chem Toxicol. (2012)
- Gemma, Carmelina, et al. Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar β-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines. Journal of Neuroscience (2002)
- Paniagua-Castro N, et al. Spirulina (Arthrospira) protects against cadmium-induced teratogenic damage in mice. J Med Food. (2011)
- El-Desoky GE, et al. Improvement of Mercuric Chloride-Induced Testis Injuries and Sperm Quality Deteriorations by Spirulina platensis in Rats. PLoS One. (2013)
- Sharma MK, et al. Evaluation of protective efficacy of Spirulina fusiformis against mercury induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. Food Chem Toxicol. (2007)
- Qishen, Pang, Guo Baojiang, and Ada Kolman. Radioprotective effect of extract from Spirulina platensis in mouse bone marrow cells studied by using the micronucleus test. Toxicology letters. (1989)
- Madhyastha HK, et al. Purification of c-phycocyanin from Spirulina fusiformis and its effect on the induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator from calf pulmonary endothelial cells. Phytomedicine. (2006)
- Saxena PS, Kumar M. Modulatory potential of Spirulina fusiformis on testicular phosphatases in Swiss albino mice against mercury intoxication. Indian J Exp Biol. (2004)
- Sharma MK, et al. Modification of mercury-induced biochemical alterations in blood of Swiss albino mice by Spirulina fusiformis. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. (2005)
- Simsek N, et al. Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia- and leucopenia-induced lead and cadmium in rats. J Hazard Mater. (2009)
- Karadeniz A, Cemek M, Simsek N. The effects of Panax ginseng and Spirulina platensis on hepatotoxicity induced by cadmium in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. (2009)
- Jeyaprakash K, Chinnaswamy P. Effect of spirulina and Liv-52 on cadmium induced toxicity in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol. (2005)
- Jeyaprakash K, Chinnaswamy P. Hypocholesterolaemic effect of spirulina and liv-52 in lead induced toxicity in albino rats. Anc Sci Life. (2004)
- Misbahuddin M, et al. Efficacy of spirulina extract plus zinc in patients of chronic arsenic poisoning: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Clin Toxicol (Phila). (2006)
- Savranoglub S, Tumer TB. Inhibitory Effects of Spirulina platensis on Carcinogen-Activating Cytochrome P450 Isozymes and Potential for Drug Interactions. Int J Toxicol. (2013)
- Nishanth RP, et al. C-Phycocyanin inhibits MDR1 through reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Eur J Pharmacol. (2010)
- Roy KR, et al. C-Phycocyanin ameliorates 2-acetylaminofluorene induced oxidative stress and MDR1 expression in the liver of albino mice. Hepatol Res. (2008)
- Roy KR, et al. C-Phycocyanin inhibits 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced expression of MDR1 in mouse macrophage cells: ROS mediated pathway determined via combination of experimental and In silico analysis. Arch Biochem Biophys. (2007)
- Khan M, et al. C-phycocyanin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in adult rat cardiomyocytes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. (2006)
- Terry MJ, Maines MD, Lagarias JC. Inactivation of phytochrome- and phycobiliprotein-chromophore precursors by rat liver biliverdin reductase. J Biol Chem. (1993)
- Riss J, et al. Phycobiliprotein C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis is powerfully responsible for reducing oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters. J Agric Food Chem. (2007)
- Pabon MM, et al. A Spirulina-Enhanced Diet Provides Neuroprotection in an α-Synuclein Model of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One. (2012)
- Cardona AE, et al. Control of microglial neurotoxicity by the fractalkine receptor. Nat Neurosci. (2006)
- CX3CL1 reduces neurotoxicity and microglial activation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.
- Rimbau V, et al. Protective effects of C-phycocyanin against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in rat hippocampus. Neurosci Lett. (1999)
- Patel M, et al. Activation of NADPH oxidase and extracellular superoxide production in seizure-induced hippocampal damage. J Neurochem. (2005)
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- Chamorro G, et al. Spirulina maxima pretreatment partially protects against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine neurotoxicity. Nutr Neurosci. (2006)
- Strömberg I, et al. Blueberry- and spirulina-enriched diets enhance striatal dopamine recovery and induce a rapid, transient microglia activation after injury of the rat nigrostriatal dopamine system. Exp Neurol. (2005)
- Wu DC, et al. NADPH oxidase mediates oxidative stress in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2003)
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- Choi DH, et al. NADPH oxidase 1-mediated oxidative stress leads to dopamine neuron death in Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. (2012)
- Thaakur SR, Jyothi B. Effect of spirulina maxima on the haloperidol induced tardive dyskinesia and oxidative stress in rats. J Neural Transm. (2007)
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- Thaakur S, Sravanthi R. Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J Neural Transm. (2010)
- Wang Y, et al. Dietary supplementation with blueberries, spinach, or spirulina reduces ischemic brain damage. Exp Neurol. (2005)
- Pentón-Rol G, et al. C-Phycocyanin is neuroprotective against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in gerbils. Brain Res Bull. (2011)
- Bermejo-Bescós P, Piñero-Estrada E, Villar del Fresno AM. Neuroprotection by Spirulina platensis protean extract and phycocyanin against iron-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro. (2008)
- George S, et al. α-Synuclein: The Long Distance Runner. Brain Pathol. (2013)
- Lehéricy S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. (2012)
- Surmeier DJ, et al. The role of calcium and mitochondrial oxidant stress in the loss of substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience. (2011)
- Guo JP, Yu S, McGeer PL. Simple in vitro assays to identify amyloid-beta aggregation blockers for Alzheimer's disease therapy. J Alzheimers Dis. (2010)
- Hwang JH, et al. Spirulina prevents memory dysfunction, reduces oxidative stress damage and augments antioxidant activity in senescence-accelerated mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2011)
- Alpha-synuclein release by neurons activates the inflammatory response in a microglial cell line.
- Zhang QG, et al. Critical role of NADPH oxidase in neuronal oxidative damage and microglia activation following traumatic brain injury. PLoS One. (2012)
- Chen JC, et al. Spirulina and C-phycocyanin reduce cytotoxicity and inflammation-related genes expression of microglial cells. Nutr Neurosci. (2012)
- Patro N, et al. Spirulina platensis protects neurons via suppression of glial activation and peripheral sensitization leading to restoration of motor function in collagen-induced arthritic rats. Indian J Exp Biol. (2011)
- Gemma C, et al. Diets enriched in foods with high antioxidant activity reverse age-induced decreases in cerebellar beta-adrenergic function and increases in proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci. (2002)
- Spirulina Promotes Stem Cell Genesis and Protects against LPS Induced Declines in Neural Stem Cell Proliferation.
- Short Communication: Neuroprotective Effect of Spirulina in a Mouse Model of ALS.
- ALSUntangled Group. ALSUntangled No. 9: Blue-green algae (Spirulina) as a treatment for ALS. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. (2011)
- Kim NH, et al. The effect of hydrolyzed Spirulina by malted barley on forced swimming test in ICR mice. Int J Neurosci. (2008)
- Huang H, et al. Quantifying the effects of spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. (2018)
- Iwata, Kazuko, Takayo Inayama, and Toshimitsu Kato. Effects of Spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. (1990)
- Miczke, A., et al. Effects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. (2016)
- Carrizzo A, et al. Novel Potent Decameric Peptide of Spirulina platensis Reduces Blood Pressure Levels Through a PI3K/AKT/eNOS-Dependent Mechanism. Hypertension. (2019)
- Juárez-Oropeza MA, et al. Effects of dietary Spirulina on vascular reactivity. J Med Food. (2009)
- Brito AF, et al. Aortic Response to Strength Training and Spirulina platensis Dependent on Nitric Oxide and Antioxidants. Front Physiol. (2018)
- Hsiao G, et al. C-phycocyanin, a very potent and novel platelet aggregation inhibitor from Spirulina platensis. J Agric Food Chem. (2005)
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- Marcel AK, et al. The effect of Spirulina platensis versus soybean on insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients: a randomized pilot study. Nutrients. (2011)
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- Ngo-Matip, Marthe-Elise, et al. Impact of daily supplementation of Spirulina platensis on the immune system of naïve HIV-1 patients in Cameroon: a 12-months single blind, randomized, multicenter trial. Nutrition Journal. (2015)
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- Nielsen CH, et al. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in healthy subjects by Immulina®, a Spirulina extract enriched for Braun-type lipoproteins. Planta Med. (2010)
- Lipoprotein is a predominant Toll-like receptor 2 ligand in Staphylococcus aureus cell wall components.
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- Reddy MC, et al. C-Phycocyanin, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2003)
- Reddy CM, et al. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (2000)
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- Nemoto-Kawamura C, et al. Phycocyanin enhances secretary IgA antibody response and suppresses allergic IgE antibody response in mice immunized with antigen-entrapped biodegradable microparticles. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). (2004)
- Hayashi, Osamu, Toshimitsu KATOH, and Yoshiyuki OKUWAKI. Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology (1994)
- Hirahashi T, et al. Activation of the human innate immune system by Spirulina: augmentation of interferon production and NK cytotoxicity by oral administration of hot water extract of Spirulina platensis. Int Immunopharmacol. (2002)
- Akao Y, et al. Enhancement of antitumor natural killer cell activation by orally administered Spirulina extract in mice. Cancer Sci. (2009)
- Akazawa T, et al. Antitumor NK activation induced by the Toll-like receptor 3-TICAM-1 (TRIF) pathway in myeloid dendritic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (2007)
- Pak W, et al. Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of spirulina on rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Biochem Nutr. (2012)
- Gorban, E. M., et al. Clinical and experimental study of spirulina efficacy in chronic diffuse liver diseases. Likars' ka Sprava (2000)
- Joventino IP, et al. The microalga Spirulina platensis presents anti-inflammatory action as well as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties in diabetic rats. J Complement Integr Med. (2012)
- Kumar N, et al. Evaluation of protective efficacy of Spirulina platensis against collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Inflammopharmacology. (2009)
- Rasool M, Sabina EP, Lavanya B. Anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. (2006)
- Remirez D, et al. Inhibitory effects of Spirulina in zymosan-induced arthritis in mice. Mediators Inflamm. (2002)
- Cingi C, et al. The effects of spirulina on allergic rhinitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. (2008)
- Mao TK, Van de Water J, Gershwin ME. Effects of a Spirulina-based dietary supplement on cytokine production from allergic rhinitis patients. J Med Food. (2005)
- Park HJ, et al. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans. Ann Nutr Metab. (2008)
- Chu WL, et al. Protective effect of aqueous extract from Spirulina platensis against cell death induced by free radicals. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2010)
- Shyam R, et al. Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulina. J Altern Complement Med. (2007)
- Chamorro-Cevallos G, et al. Chemoprotective effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira) against cyclophosphamide-induced mutagenicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. (2008)
- Hassan AM, Abdel-Aziem SH, Abdel-Wahhab MA. Modulation of DNA damage and alteration of gene expression during aflatoxicosis via dietary supplementation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) and Whey protein concentrate. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. (2012)
- Deryagina VP, Ryzhova NI, Golubkina NA. Production of nitrogen oxide derivatives under the influence of NO-synthase inhibitors and natural compounds in mice with transplanted tumors. Exp Oncol. (2012)
- Mathew B, et al. Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Nutr Cancer. (1995)
- Mishima T, et al. Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by calcium spirulan (Ca-SP), a novel sulfated polysaccharide derived from a blue-green alga, Spirulina platensis. Clin Exp Metastasis. (1998)
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J'explore depuis près de 20 ans les publications de la littérature scientifique qui concernent la spiruline, ses composants et plus largement, les microalgues. Je m'efforce de fournir des articles sourcés et régulièrement vérifiés en fonction des nouvelles données de la recherche.
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